Baker, Marc A. “The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California.” Humboldt State University: Arcata, 1981.
Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford. “Miwok Material Culture. Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee.” 2 (1933): 173.
Bean, John and Katherine Saubel. Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants. Malki Museum Press: Banning, 1972.
Beanfield, Harriet and Efrem Korngold. Between Heaven and Earth. Ballantine Books: New York, 1991.
Bocek, Barbara R. “Ethnobotany of the Costanoan Indians, California: Based on Collections by John P. Harrington.” Economic Botany 38 (1984): 240-55.
Böhm, Bruce A., and Tod F. Stuessy. Flavonoids of the Sunflower Family (Asteraceae). Springer: Vienna, 2001. [Includes Table 8–9 listing Hazardia exudate flavonoids.]
Burits, M., Bucar, F. “Antioxidant activity of Ocimum basilicum L. essential oil.” Food Chemistry 83.4 (2003): 581–586. [Includes ocimene-related monoterpene discussion.]
Cai, Zi-Min et al. “1,8-Cineole: a review of source, biological activities, and application.” Journal of Asian Natural Products Research 23,10 (2021): 938-954.
Calflora. “Ceanothus spinosus Nutt.” Calflora: Information on California Plants.
Catty, Suzanne. Hydrosols: The Next Aromatherapy. Healing Arts Press: Rochester, 2001.
Chestnut, V. K. “Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California.” Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7 (1902): 295-408.
Clark, W. D. “Flavonoid glycosides in the genus Hazardia (Asteraceae).” Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 6 (1978): 93–96. [Describes internal quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, luteolin, and apigenin glycosides.]
Clark, W. D., and E. Wollenweber. “Flavonoid aglycones in the leaf resin of Hazardia squarrosa var. grindelioides.” Phytochemistry 24 (1985): 1122–1123. [Documents 33 surface flavonoid exudates.]
Curtin, L. S. M. “Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians II: Food Plants.” The Masterkey 31 (1957): 85-94.
da Silva, J. K. R., Maia, J. G. S., et al. “Antifungal and antibacterial activities of ocimene-rich essential oils from Amazonian species.” Journal of Essential Oil Research 25.1 (2013): 34–40.
Elpel, Thomas J. Botany in a Day. Hops: Pony, 1998.
Fontaine, Pauline, et al. "Chemical composition and antinociceptive activity of California sagebrush (Artemisia californica)." J. Pharmacogn. Phytother 5.1 (2013): 1-11.
Fleming, M. C., Hester, V., Allison, B. J., et al. (2018). “Immunomodulatory and Antibacterial Properties of the Chumash Medicinal Plant Trichostema lanatum.” Medicines 5(2):25. [Full text; methanolic extract TNF-α & antimicrobial data.]
Foster, Steven and Christopher Hobbs. Western Medicinal Plants and Herbs. Houghton Mifflin Company: Boston, 2002.
Fowler, Catherine S. Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940. University of Utah Press: Salt Lake City, 1989.
Gifford, E. W. “Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo.” Anthropological Records 25 (1967): 10-15.
Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson. Kashaya Pomo Plants. University of California, Los Angeles, 1980.
Guardia T. et al. “Mucus Synthesis and Sulfhydryl Groups in Cytoprotection Mediated by Dehydroleucodine, a Sesquiterpene Lactone.” Journal of Natural Products 57 (1994): 507-9.
Hedges, Ken. “Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany.” San Diego Museum of Man Ethnic Technology Notes 20 (1986): 39.
Heizer and Elsasser. The Natural World of the California Indians. University of California Press: Berkeley, 1980.
Hinton, Leanne. “Notes on La Huerta Diegueno Ethnobotany.” Journal of California Anthropology 2 (1975): 214-222.
Holmes, Peter. The Energetics of Western Herbs. Snow Lotus Press: Boulder, 1997.
Holmes, Peter. Notes from Using Essential Oils in Chinese Medicine. 2002.
Jegal, J., Ahn, J-H., Kim, Y-D., et al. (2021). “Inhibitory Effects of Luteolin-7-Methyl Ether on TNF-α/IFN-γ-Induced Inflammation in Human Keratinocytes.” International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22(24):13587. [Methyl-luteolin analogue; keratinocyte inflammation model.]
Jepson Herbarium. “Jepson eFlora: Ceanothus spinosus.” University of California, Berkeley.
Kaminsku, Patricia and Richard Katz. Flower Essence Repertory. The Flower Essence Society: Nevada City, 1999.
Keefover-Ring, K. “Variation in terpenes and genetic structure of Artemisia californica.” Oikos 119.6 (2010): 981–991.
Kirk, Donald R. Wild Edible Plants of Western North America. Naturegraph: Happy Camp, 1975.
Kuhajek Jeanne M., et al. “Vulgarone B, the Antifungal Constituent in the Steam-Distilled Fraction of Artemisia douglasiana.” Journal of Chemical Ecology 29 (2003): 1771-1780.
Las Pilitas Nursery. “Ceanothus spinosus (Greenbark/Red-Heart).” Horticultural profile.
Lavabre, Marcel. Aromatherapy Workbook. Healing Arts Press: Rochester, 1990.
Llesuy S.F. and M.G. Repetto. “Antioxidant Properties of Natural Compounds Used in Popular Medicine for Gastric Ulcers.” Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 35 (2002): 523-534.
Luis, Javier, and Lucia San Andres. “C-16 Hydroxylated Abietane Diterpenes from Salvia mellifera.” Phytochemistry 33 (1993), 635-8.
Luis, Javier G. and Lucia S. Andres. “New Ursane Type Triterpenes from Salvia mellifera Greene.” Journal of Natural Products 13 (1999): 187-194.
Merriam, C. Hart. Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes. University of California Archaeological Research Facility: Berkeley, 1966.
Moerman, Daniel E. Native American Ethnobotany. Timber Press: Portland, 1998.
Moore, Michael. Medicinal Plants of the Mountain West. Museum of New Mexico Press: Santa Fe, 1979.
Nchu, F., Magano, S. R., Eloff, J. N. “In vitro anti-tick properties of essential oils extracted from Tagetes minuta L. (Asteraceae) on Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus Koch.” Veterinary Parasitology 190.3–4 (2012): 566–572.
Once Upon a Watershed. “Ceanothus.” (Educational program note on flower lather and traditional wash use).
Palafox-Carlos, H., Gil-Chávez, J., Sotelo-Mundo, R. “Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of monoterpenes: A review.” Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 58.12 (2018): 1–14.
Penissi, A.B. and R.S. Piezzi. “Role of Mucus on Gastroduodenal Cytoprotection Induced by Dehydroleucodine, Isolated from Artemisia douglasiana Besser.” Acta Horticulturae 501 (1999): 235-238.
Powers, Stephen. “Aboriginal Botany.” Proceedings of the California Academy of Science 5 (1874): 373-9.
Romero, John Bruno. The Botanical Lore of the California Indians. Vantage Press: New York, 1954.
Salehi, B., Upadhyay, S., Orhan, I. E., et al. “Therapeutic potential of α-pinene and β-pinene: A miracle gift of nature.” Biomolecules 9.11 (2019): 738.
Salvador-Hernández, J. L., et al. “Chemical Constituents from the Aerial Parts of Ceanothus caeruleus.” Records of Natural Products (2025).
Sangwan, N. S., Farooqi, A. H., Shabih, F., Sangwan, R. S. “Regulation of essential oil production in plants.” Plant Growth Regulation 34.1 (2001): 3–21. [Notes ocimene biosynthesis in Lamiaceae.]
Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History. “Sukinanik’oy: Garden of Chumash Plants.” (Chumash plant uses; ceanothus blossom lather noted.)
Santa Monica Mountains Trails Council. “Plant of the Month — Greenbark Ceanothus.” (Flowers make a soapy lather when crushed with water.)
Saunders, Charles F. The Western Flower: Wild Flowers of the Rockies and West to the Pacific. The Country Life Press: Garden City, 1925.
Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford. “Karok Ethnobotany.” Anthropological Records 13 (1952): 377-392.
Setzer W.N., et al. “Antimicrobial Activity of Artemisia douglasiana Leaf Essential Oil.” Fitoterapia 75 (2004): 192-200.
Smith, Clifton F. A Flora of the Santa Barbara Region, California. Santa Barbara Botanical Garden and Capra Press: Santa Barbara, 1998.
Timbrook, Jan. “Virtuous Herbs: Plants in Chumash Medicine.” Journal of Ethnobotany Winter (1987), 171-180.
Train, Percy, et al. Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada. U.S. Department of Agriculture: Washington, 1941.
U.S. Forest Service. “Artemisia californica.” Fire Effects Information System (FEIS). https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/shrub/artcal/all.html
Valant-Vetschera, K. M., and E. Wollenweber. “Chemodiversity of exudate flavonoids in Asteraceae–subtribe Solidagininae.” Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 62 (2007): 785–797. [Notes quercetagetin/gossypetin methyl ethers in Hazardia resin.]
Veith, Ilza. The Yellow Emperor’s Classic of Internal Medicine. University of California Press: Berkeley, 1972.
Weiss, R.F. Herbal Medicine. Ab Arcanum: Gothenburg, Sweden, 1988.
Wendel, G.H., et al. “Effect of Dehydroleucodine in Experimental Colitis in Rats and Mice.” Pharmacological Research 40 (1999): 339-44.
Westrich, Lolo. California Herbal Remedies. Gulf Publishing Company: Houston, 1989.
Wollenweber, E., Dörr, M., Rustaiyan, A., Roitman, J., Graven, E. (1992). “Exudate Flavonoids of Some Salvia and a Trichostema Species.” Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 47(9–10): 782–784. [Primary identification of T. lanatum exudate methylated flavones.]
Wollenweber, E., Stevens, J., Papendick, I., Roitman, J. (2004). “Exudate Flavonoids of Eight Species of Ceanothus (Rhamnaceae).” Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 59 (2004): 459–462.
World Health Organization (WHO) & International Fragrance Association (IFRA). “Safety assessment of fragrance ingredients: Ocimene.” IFRA Standards Documentation, 2020.
Worwood, Valerie Anne. The Complete Book of Essential Oils and Aromatherapy. New World Library: Novato, 1991.
Zigmond, Maurice L. Kawaiisu Ethnobotany. University of Utah Press: Salt Lake City, 1981.
